The Equal Rights Amendment Proposition - 2110 Words

The Equal Rights Amendment proposition to the United States Constitution was sent down to the state level in 1972, but was met by an organized opposition of religious conservative women trying to save the country and the family home from the secularizing transition to modernity. The ERA embodied all the fears of the conservative woman. Since statehood there has been a strong cultural division based on gender in Oklahoma. A comprehensive Legislative Council study, in 1972 and revised in 1976, covering gender – specific laws (Reese and Loughlin 221). A few of the findings in the study showed the divisions in genders by the following: barred wives from voting and holding offices, limitations of workable hours for women, and other biased ordinances (Reese and Loughlin, 222). The Tulsa World editorial attacked the joint report published by the Oklahoma Human Rights Commission and the Governor’s Advisory Commission on the Status of Women; The report drew light to the under representation of the three minority groups, which are the following: women, racial, and ethnic (Reese and Loughlin, 222). Support grew for the editorial stances that opposed the changing roles of women, but supported equal pay (Reese and Loughlin, 222). The gender biased culture was reinforced by the biased regulations on women within Ok lahoma throughout the 1970s (Reese and Loughlin, 222). Conservative values influenced the development of Oklahoma grew more support during the battle against the ERA in theShow MoreRelatedMarriage and the union of couples regarding their sex has been a nationwide issue in the United900 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 7, 2000 ballot in California, voters approved Proposition 22. Proposition 22 legally stated that marriage was a union between one man and one woman (Oyez). This proposition seemed to serve well for the state of California until 2008 where the California Supreme Court required that marriage included the union of same-sex couples as well, which invalidated Proposition 22. Citizens whom did not seem to agree with the invalidation of Proposition 22 sought to do something about their opposing viewsRead MoreHollingsworth vs. Perry: Case Study1223 Words   |  5 PagesPerry Facts: In 2000, California voters adopted Proposition 22, defining marriage as a relationship only between a man and a woman. The California Supreme Court invalidated Proposition 22 and California began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The Proponents of Proposition 8, who opposed same-sex marriage, collected signatures and filed petitions to get Proposition 8 on the ballot. In November 2008, California voters approved Proposition 8, which added language to the California ConstitutionRead MoreLegal Liberalism Calls For Equality1680 Words   |  7 Pagesconstitutional jurisprudence such as Equal protections clause, right to privacy, and criminal defendants’ rights that moved the nation towards equality under the law. At the turn of the 19th century, the Louisiana state legislature abridged the rights and immunities of white American butchers in respect to their rights and freedoms as U.S. Citizens. The slaughterhouse cases are considered to have annihilated the privilege or immunities clause in the 14th amendment. Essentially, Louisiana gave the CrescentRead MoreU.s. Constitution And Texas Constitution Essay895 Words   |  4 Pagesto participate in our political system. The Shaughnessy v. Thompson (394 U.S. 659 (1953)), Wong Wing v. United States (163 U.S. 228 (1896)), and Yick Wo v. Hopkins (118 U.S. 356 (1886)) cases pertained to the people involved. They were guaranteed rights under the law. The F.S. Royster Guano Co. v. Canada (305 U.S. 350 (1938)) and Tigner v. Texas (310 U.S. 141 (1940)) case pertained to people in similar circumstances should be treated alike. The case, Trimble v. Gordon (430 U.S. 762 (1977)), outlinedRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage1711 Words   |  7 Pagesforefront of American politics within this last year. Same-sex marriage is a debatable topic that attracts many responses from those supporting and those opposing the issue. People who dispute gay marriage believe it is morally wrong, while gay rights activists believe that all marriages be treated equally. This dispute is put into several different lights including morals, family values and religion; and those of equality, constitutionality. Section 1: The first major law that affected same-sexRead MoreThe Right Choice Isnt Always Easy Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Right Choice Isn’t Always Easy Birch Bayh, former Indiana Senator, grew up believing that women did not have a problem with rights. He said his mother and grandmother always had as much of a say in matters as their husbands did. He never realized there was a problem with equality for women, until he joined the Senate’s Constitutional Amendment Subcommittee (Bayh 2013). When faced with an issue, a person always has two choices: run away, or face it head on. How an individual deals with times ofRead MoreMarriage Is a Commitment and Legal Contract Between Same Sexes Too1640 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween two people together providing them with benefits. The question that is raise in America today is that is whether or not these rights to these benefits and commitment should be extended to the people of the same sex. This topic in widely debated in many countries not only in America alone. It is an important issue because it involve basic human moral and human rights. The first case of same sex marriage was Bake r v. Nelson that was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court was in 1972 when a MinnesotaRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is A Matter Of Civil Law1270 Words   |  6 Pagesway towards global acceptance as the LGBT community has been extremely active, advocating for their right to marry since the early 90s. With an increased in tolerance for homosexuality in society, controversy over the legalization of gay marriage has become more pressing. To those against it, claiming it will have an overall negative effect on society; gays claim that it is against basic civil rights to prohibit them from marrying (What Are The Reasons For And Against Gay Marriage†). Same-sex marriageRead MoreThe Nature Of The Gettysburg Address By Abraham Lincoln741 Words   |  3 Pagesgather the true Declaration of Independence equality for all citizen. The nature of the Declaration of Independence was formed in liberty that all men have equal rights, which means they no longer under British rule, as written under a new nation. Abraham Lincoln was representing those who were not able to have a complete human rights or equal rights. During colonial times, slaves had travelled a long distance to the United States; some African soldiers has even participated in wars. Africans in FortRead MoreMexican Immigration And The United States1216 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history, thanks to the issues brought, for example by the Proposition 187 from 1994, the proposition 63 created in 1986, as well as the Immigration and Control Act, and the creation United Farm Workers Union. Mexicans were excluded from any social service as education, or health, which are human rights, and for instance essential. These restrictions were brutal for the Mexican American community, who violated their rights as habitants of the United States. Being restricted from any service

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Routine Hba1c s Are Not Cost Effective And The Model...

There is an unresolved debate on whether routine HbA1c’s are not cost effective and the model should remain as women receiving a polycose test at 24-28 weeks. An HbA1c is a blood test that requires no consumption of concentrated glucose drinks or fasting. It measures the amount of blood glucose over the prior 120 days (Sevket, Sevket, Ozel, Dansuk Kelekci, 2014). It has however been concluded that HbA1c’s are not an alternative for diagnosis of GDM and are not useful in reduces the need for further diagnostic testing (Sevket, Sevket, Ozel, Dansuk Kelekci, 2014). Therefore not all guidelines are updated to follow these recommendations supported by the MOH (2014) REFERENCE and REFERENCE. The algothrithm for ADHB (2013) and WDHB (2012) follow the ‘risk screening’ approach where only women with risk factors are offered an HbA1c, all other women are offered the routine polycose at 24-28 weeks. Victorias midwife followed these guidelines. The screening and dia gnosis of GDM also detects unrecognised type two diabetes and rarely type one (Pairman et al., 2015) because the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus includes insulin resistance, similar to GDM. Thus pregnancy provides a window of opportunity to identify women at risk of developing type 2 diabetes or who may be in the prediabetic state (Lacroix et al, 2013; Chasam-Taber, 2015). Prehaps if Victoria was offered an HbA1c at booking her GDM might have been recognised earlier. Prior to her polycose her pregnancy had

Medieval Morality Plays Essay - 1482 Words

Medieval Morality Plays Throughout time, there have been many books, plays, songs, pamphlets, sermons, lectures, etc. written. These writings were all written with some kind of purpose to either inform, persuade, entertain, or teach their audience. One such form of literature not too widely known about is that of the medieval morality plays. These plays were not aimed to entertain, but to teach morals and religion to the uneducated lower classes of people in medieval Europe. The morality plays were also quite necessary to teach and inform the underclass people, through the thoughtful persuasion of play entertainment. Morality plays, as said above, were most popular and most widely present in medieval times. They were also found in†¦show more content†¦(1). There were many other cases when the characters of the morality plays were not abstract qualities. These alternative roles were ones of angels, devils, priests, doctors, fools (found usually in English writings), etc. (1). The morality plays focused on the hero or main character, who#8217;s flaws were pointed out through diabolic forces, but the hero did have the option to choose redemption and take help from figures such as the four daughters of god. (1). One commonly used subject of the morality plays was that of the seven deadly sins. (1). The setup of the morality plays were actually quite simple. In the early development of the plays they did not have much technical structure to them. (Warren 2) Later on, they were usually played outdoors on moving scaffolds with the normal usage of props. (1). When morality plays were first introduced, the were often shown with miracle plays to get the audiences used to them and also to popularize them. (1). Until the later period of the morality plays, they were performed by amateur actors who relied wholly on public support. (Morality Play 1). When it comes to the plot aspect of morality plays, there were four main story lines. The majority of the morality pl ay plots consisted of debates or conflicts. The three which did were the debate of heavenly graces, the debate of soul and body, and the conflict of vices and virtues.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Medieval Morality Plays1481 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval Morality Plays   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout time, there have been many books, plays, songs, pamphlets, sermons, lectures, etc. written. These writings were all written with some kind of purpose to either inform, persuade, entertain, or teach their audience. One such form of literature not too widely known about is that of the medieval morality plays. These plays were not aimed to entertain, but to teach morals and religion to the uneducated lower classes of people in medieval Europe. The moralityRead MoreFaustus as a Medieval Morality Play1603 Words   |  7 PagesFaustus as a Medieval Morality Play By K.Friedman Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus has been influenced by the conventions of a Medieval Morality play through Marlowe’s purely didactic use of the text to encourage Christian values. He uses various dramatised moral allegories that together encompass the themes of divided nature of man allegorised through the good and bad angels that demonstrate virtue and vice, alongside the concept of sin and degradation allegorised by the Seven Deadly SinsRead MoreEveryman As A Medieval Morality Play1684 Words   |  7 Pagesof a medieval morality play.1 The play is a work portraying how God in heaven sends death to call forth every creature to present itself before him to answer for every action in this world. It shows the audience and readers what goes on in life and ending of it all through death. From the very beginning, the play classically shows that it deals with human experiences with the focus on morals. Everyman is a Christian play written to promote Christianity as a re ligion. At the time when the play wasRead MoreEveryman Research Paper1584 Words   |  7 Pages_ENGL 102: Literature and Composition_ SEMESTER OF ENROLLMENT: _Fall D04-2010_ NAME: _Nathalia Santos_ WRITING STYLE USED: _APA_ Thesis: The English morality play â€Å"Everyman† uses allegorical characters to represent what Everyman holds onto and values during his life. Everyman has neglected his spiritual life, but as the play develops Everyman repents of his sins on time. Summoned by Death, Everyman realizes that he is not ready and does not want to die alone. Thereafter, Everyman seeksRead MoreAnalysis Of Goethe s Faust 1410 Words   |  6 PagesIn the catastrophic play, Goethe’s Faust, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a product of German literature and is said to be one of the greatest Western literature epic poems in history. This play comes from legends that have been spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century. Many individuals affirm that the main character Faust really existed but this play is still fictional. Faust was an alchemist and was a living magician. In other fictional works of art, Faust has sold his soul to the devilRead MoreThe Percepciont of Death on the Play Everyman Es say1175 Words   |  5 PagesEveryman is a Christian morality play written during the 1400s. No one yet knows who wrote this play. It is said that Everyman is the English translation of similar Dutch morality play of the same period called Elckerlijc. Everyman is generally represented as the best and most original example of the English morality play. â€Å"Like other morality plays from the late medieval period, it is meant to communicate a simple moral lesson to both educated and illiterate audiences† (Gyamfi Schmidt, 2011).Read MorePerception of Death in the Play â€Å"Everyman Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play â€Å"everyman† death is depicted as something that is terribly feared as no one seemed ready for it, death is perceived as something that takes one away from the pleasures of this world. Everyman is a classic play written in the 15th century whose subject is the struggle of the soul. This is a morality play and a good example of transition play linking liturgical drama and the secular drama that came at the end of English medieval period. In the play, death is perceived as tragic and isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Morality Play Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout medieval times, many religions taught their beliefs and ideals by means of putting on plays for the commoners, who often could not understand the languages in which their beliefs were taught in churches and religious settings. Two distinct plays emerged over the medieval time in which religious beliefs were on display in some form for the common people: morality plays and mystery plays. A morality play is a didactic, religious, allegorical play that is not explicitly in regards to a biblicalRead More Symbolism in the Play Everyman Essay456 Words   |  2 PagesSymbolism in the Play Everyman The play Everyman dates back to medieval times and has affected many people throughout the centuries. Many life lessons are looked at throughout the play through symbolism, which helps the reader understand life’s lessons easier. Everyman, an allegory, had symbolism scattered throughout the entire story, which helped to better show lessons learned through life. In Everyman, symbolism is present in many characters, including Good-Deeds,Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Everyman 1194 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A classic allegory is the medieval play Everyman, whose hero represents us all, and who, deserted by false friends called Kindred and Goods, faces the judgement of God accompanied only by a faithful friend called Good Deeds.†1 Everyman was written in the late 15th century by an author that is unknown. It is known as a medieval morality play and out of the morality plays, it is considered as one of the finest. Everyman is possibly a version of a Dutch play known as â€Å"Elckerlyc†. â€Å"It was composed around

The small crowd beside the bus had an atmosphere of excitement Free Essays

The small crowd beside the bus had an atmosphere of excitement. I was one of them. We just got down the busy train, leaving us with another 5 hours of our journey to our destination. We will write a custom essay sample on The small crowd beside the bus had an atmosphere of excitement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The trip was to the southern part of the Indian rainforest. The air was moist and there was a sudden drizzle. So we quickly got inside the bus. After every one was inside there was check to see whether anyone was left behind. The bus was noisy, every one were talking to each other about the thrill. We began our long journey into the rainforest. Every one felt irritated due to the humidity in the air. The teachers who came with were also excited about the trip. After a while there was no sign of any people as we entered into the rainforest; there was no trace of any other vehicle either except a motorcycle, leading us. It was a totally deserted area. The trees and bushes on either side of the road were monstrous and they spread wide. In some places they were steep slopes, which were so deep and dark that we couldn’t see the ground below. We unexpectedly stopped. I didn’t know why at first then they told it was because we had to have lunch. The lunch was horrible as it was cold. After that we got into the bus. Then slowly we all settled and the bus was again on the road. On the way we saw many waterfalls but we couldn’t define its beauty because they were very far away. Then a boy suddenly shouted out ‘Dam’ no one understood him at first then he repeated it by saying there is a dam. Every one gazed it for a long time. Some took snaps of it. It was huge and its reflections looked beautiful. We were then told that there was another hour of our journey left. Most of them slept including me due to the tiredness of journeying. After a while my friend woke me up saying that we arrived at the destination. I was excited as well as exhausted like everyone. I had to get up. We took our bags and started to walk towards the tents, which were situated in a plateau. I had a heavy luggage behind my back like most of them. The ground was uneven in the beginning then it was a sudden steep slope upwards. We had to walk very carefully otherwise we would slip and fall. They made a path by few slates of shapeless granite. Beside the path were wild bushes. It took us more than 5minutes to reach to the top. When we reached it was very dark and we could hardly see the ground clearly. They told us to form a queue and then we were separated into four groups. We were taken inside the house, which was beside the tents. It just had a big hall and a kitchen in the corner. We were told about the rules and regulations. Then we all were shown our way to the tents though we didn’t sleep in the tents, as it was the first night. We changed into night ware and left our baggages in the tents. The ground was muddy making our bags very dirty underneath. After every one had their dinner we were immediately send to sleep. Though no one did as every one had the excitement in their minds thinking what was going to happen in the next few days. We all slept together. At first it was very noisy then slowly it became pin drop silence. Everyone was made to get up by 5 in the morning and was told to freshen up. We couldn’t see much as the sun did not rise completely by that time. And when it did it become foggy. There were five tents in total as there were many girls and boys. There was a water tank opposite to the tents. Behind the house were the toilets. In between the toilets and the tents there was a small house which contained things required for canoeing, rock climbing, treasure hunting, nature trivia and camping. Surrounding us were trees and bushes, which were so thick that we couldn’t see through. Later we were told briefly of our plan for the days beyond. How to cite The small crowd beside the bus had an atmosphere of excitement, Papers

Exploring Popular Music free essay sample

Popular music Is defined as any genre of music having wide appeal but usually only for a short time. (Popular music) My definition of popular music Is music mostly by one hit wonders or well established artists appealing widely for a short time. Popular music differs from other genres of music because with other genres of music they are constrained to that genre meaning that have to fit that group and really venture outside that box and still be called that genre.As for popular music, I live it does Just the opposite: it isnt constrained, it doesnt fit a model, it dares to be different, and it evokes all genres of music. One popular music genre is rock, rock music has gone though many changes in the recent years and has received countless backlash for those changes. I believe Richard Brooklimes said it best Rock is a form of popular culture that alms downward instead of aiming up. Rather than aspiring, it despises (Brooklimes, 385).I feel that Brooklimes said this because as that the century progresses and technology progresses we are no longer shocked. So popular rock artists try to push the limits of our society, but In doing so it brings the popular culture down. If history repeats Itself, and the unexpected always happens, how incapable must Man be of learning from Popular rock music of today has had the same effect on older generations as it has had 50 year ago granted, the band names and styles of dress have changed, but the disapproval of the music hasnt.Michael Buds once said that It can be argued, however, that the passion and energy expended in attempts to alter or suppress rock and roll expression have only spurred rockers to flaunt objectionable aspects of their music and worldview in a spirit of defiant celebration(Buds, Peg. 392, 2). Historical Rock music was seen as a defiant celebration that people believed promoted sex, violence, and drugs. In some cases this reign true some people did do drugs and had sex because of the music, but that slim number of people were Just social followers.Even today we still have those some number of people who dont have their own voice but for the most part people Just listen to the music. One co ncern that I have for rock music today is that its going to far to push the envelope, one artist in particular is Marilyn Manson. His music is so controversial that it has been banded for being sold in many different stores because of graphic lyrics. To me his music is the ultimate taboo because when I listen to it for this project it freak me out I thought I was listening to the devil himself, but I digress historical and contemporary concerns for rock music are one in the same.Most of the people who dislike popular rock have hopes that it would change to fit he norms of our society, and those who like popular rock music have hopes that it doesnt change. As for me I feel that popular rock music Is an area that I have little experience In. One hope that I do have for that genre of music is that In some ways It would tone down It radicalized, because some of the lengths that these artist go to be called taboo Is ridiculous. I sometimes wonder to myself If they really need to be controversial to sell records or is that just a big hoax. Also for the people who dislike all popular rock music garbage. Technology has made many advances though out our lifetime from allowing us to o into outer space to giving us the ability to sustain life. In recent years technology has really allowed music to become ubiquitous because technology has given us the pod, and PEP sharing servers that allow you to share all genres of music with others. The pods shuffle feature allows us to randomly hear songs that you have uploading on your pod. To me the pod shuffle feature and the PEP sharing servers have actually hindered popular rock music in some ways one being that it allows you to pick only the songs that you like instead of buy the actual CD.Another cultural implication of music ubiquity is in clothing more popular music artists are producing clothing lines. So young impressionable minds see these clothes and want them because their favorite artist has their name on them. My take on popular music artist clothing is l like it I have actually brought something that had an artists name Just because it had their name on it. Their are many attitudes towards popular rock music Pablo Calls had a negative attitudes towards rock where in he states You Want to know what I think of that abomination, rockabilly I think it I a disgrace.Poison put to sound! When I hear it I feel very sad not only for music but also for the people who are addicted to it. I am also very sorry for American-that such a great country should have nothing better to pour into then expectant ear of mankind then this raucous distillation of the ugliness of our times, performed by Juveniles for Juveniles. It is a terrible and sardonic trick of fate that the children of the present century should have to grow up with their bodies under continual bombardment from atomic fall-out and their souls exposed to rockabilly (Calls, 1961).But in rocks defiance Linda Martin and Kerry Graves said Rock and roll fans, if even a portion of what the critics have said was true, by now you would be stone deaf, with their minds burnt out by drugs, and their b odies wasted b y excessive fornication. That none of this is true has never bothered rock opponents or caused them to pause in their attacks. Rock basing has remained constant since the mid-sass both in content and style (Martin and Graves, 1993). From these two arguments you can tell how serious the matter of popular rock music is to them.My attitude toward popular rock music is Just like my political stand straight down the middle their are issues that I support on either side for instance on then con side I do believe that popular rock music has gotten to radical I know it could get worst but still. On the pro side I believe there are some artist that fall in the popular rock music genre that have Just been over looked. In Closing popular rock music has had and a colorful past and most likely will have a colorful future. Just as long as people get bored with the norms there will always be people pushing the limits.

What factors contributed to the division of Canadas political right into two seperate political parties

Introduction Before the 1984 elections in Canada, there were only two major political parties, the Liberal Party and Progressive Conservative party. They competed in the traditional left/right-wing policy dimension space. There was a third small party the New Democratic Party on the left-wing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What factors contributed to the division of Canada’s political right into two seperate political parties specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since New Democratic Party had weak electoral support, the political system qualified as two party-plus. Liberal party won most of the elections making it a natural government party. The factors that contributed to separation of Reform Party and the Progressive Conservative Party in Canada vary with the factors that contributed to their re-union. Varying activities and political ideologies increased the need for Reform Party and Progressive Conservative Party to separate in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Major factors were socio-economic and political. Re-union of these Parties was contributed by mainly political factors (short term) and a combination of economic, social and political factors (long term). This paper seeks to establish factors that led to separation and re-union of Reform/Canadian Alliance Party and Progressive Conservatives. All the factors reflect contributions and their intensities to either separation or re-union of these parties. Separation of Progressive Conservative Party Reform Party separated from Progressive Conservative Party in 1987. It had its first elected Member of Parliament in a 1989 by-election. Deborah Gray was its first member of parliament elected in Beaver River in Alberta, Canada. This party represented interests of people from the western part of Canada (Manning, 1992). French/English relationship and other immigrant’s variation in economic and social issues were the main contributing factors. The House of Commons had started portraying significant divisions against itself based on these pertinent issues in 1980s. In its quest for leadership in Canadian politics, Progressive Conservative leader took the risk of alienating Western provinces and pursuing issue of Quebec‘s constitutional future in early 1980s. This greatly polarized the electorate and worked well for the PC. They won the elections and formed a government in 1982.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Western Canada lacked sufficient representation at the national level in the 1980s. Lack of representation led to favoritism of Mulroney’s Progressive government towards Quà ©bec. Most elites from the region believed that there was need for their own party to be heard nationally (Brimelow, 1986). Politicians including Preston Manning, Francis Winspear and several others bel ieved that there was need for institutional reforms in Canadian political system. This view was not shared by most of the leaders in Progressive Conservative party. Meech Lake Accord which proposed constitutional amendment did not meet the required level of Canadian Unity and requirements of the Westerners (Johnston et al. 1996). It was negotiated by the federal government with ten provinces. The accord provided Quebec with a distinct society status. Nevertheless, it failed ratification in 1990. The failure of the accord led to formation of another political outfit Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois in Quebec. Another accord was negotiated in 1992 but it was rejected again by population in a referendum. In 1986 Canadians in Western Provinces thought that Progressive Conservative Party’s federal governments paid more attention to Quebec. Majority of the economic programs started by the Canadian government in 1980s where skewed towards benefiting Quà ©bec at the expense of Alberta and other western provinces. Introduction of National Energy Program which was aimed at regulating energy prices, led to major economic losses in Alberta. There was visible unfairness in government procurement. Majority of government contracts were being awarded to companies in Quà ©bec. This was reflected in 1986 when the federal Progressive Conservative government contracted an unprepared company in Quà ©bec a contract. Since the contract involved construction of military aircrafts, it was worth a fortune. The company was awarded the contract although another company in Winning, Manitoba was ready construct the CF-18 aircrafts. To Manning and other politicians from Western provinces, these events signified that both Liberal and Progressive Conservative Parties governments favored Eastern Canada and mostly Quà ©bec. Economic discrimination was evident according to Jenson and Phillips (1996). Westerners had not been given economic freedom to perform their roles. As disparities between imm igrants and natives increased, some people thought the government was not fair especially in distribution of income from oil and gas export.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What factors contributed to the division of Canada’s political right into two seperate political parties specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Government reduction in social spending was not given effective emphasis by the federal Progressive Conservative government in 1980s. Government’s funding of multicultural and bilingual social programs did not go well with Reforms party members. Business people and citizens required tax cuts since cost of running business and unemployment rates had gone up. Even with the increase in unemployment rates and government deficits, Progressive Conservative governments did not reduce taxes. When the Reforms Party proposers started their desire, they received a lot of support from people who did not benefit from tax cuts especially in Western Canada. Most of the people in Western Canada thought immigrants from Africa and Latin America benefited from their resources. Some even thought that they could do without Quebec which tolerated immigrants from India, Africa and Latin America. Most of these concerns where due to increased deficit in the federal government budget. Government services being offered by Liberal and Progressive Conservative party had deteriorated over time. Privatization of government organizations was not done by Progressive Conservative government although they performed poorly. There was need for universal health care for all citizens. With the failing health care, the proponents of the reforms including Manning wanted a two-tier health insurance system (Manning, 1992). This would include both private and public insurance. The issue of free trade was also a big factor that contributed to the separation of Progressive Conservative party. The Reformists from the western provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba and Alberta thought that there was need for free trade among all Canadians. They wanted to engage in both domestic and international trade with the United States and other partners (Manning, 1992). Various social related challenges emerged in the 1980s. Issues relating to aboriginal, gay/lesbian marriage, abortion and HIV threatened the well being of Westerners and other Canadians. The need for tight regulations on gay and lesbian marriage was frequently called by Reforms party members. At some point, the spread of HIV was regarded as a disaster in the making. Since the Progressive Conservative Party government did not put much emphasis on theses social challenges, some of the Reforms/alliance members felt it was necessary to tackle them.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These social factors fueled the separation of Progressive Conservative Party. Preston Manning himself condemned homosexuality in public. However, some of the extreme views of the members of the separated Reforms were considered as individual rather than party positions. In the early 1990s, the Reform Party realized that it had gained considerable support in most parts of the country. The extended support became an encouraging factor for it its members. They then changed it from a regional Party to a national one. Its expansion extended to most areas including Ontario. However, it still did not include Quebec in its expansion. Reunion of Reform/Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party After its inception, Reforms Party barely made impact in federal elections. In its three subsequent elections, it did not secure more than 20 % of the federal vote. The highest number of seats it won was 60 out of 301 in the House of Commons. The failure to appease a wide range of supporters in most provinces was mainly because of its extreme policies. Before the 2000 federal elections, Reforms Party changed to Canadian Alliance Party and adopted moderate policies (Blais et al, 2002). The party also elected a new leader. However, it did not succeed to secure more votes. It increased to 66 seats while the other Right-wing Party, Progressive Conservative won only 12 seats. The two parties realized that the only significant improvement would occur if they merged. After extensive negotiations they finally merged and formed Conservative Party of Canada in 2003. Various factors contributed to the historical merger of the two right-wing parties. Long Term Factors For the better part of 20th century, Liberal party won most elections in Canada. The only significant opposition was offered by the left wing Progressive Conservative party. The failed recognition of special status of Quebec in 1990s expanded political space to include constitutional rights of Quebec. The partisan issue which influenced Canadian politics regenerated from its original one dimension to two dimensions. The policy space was on economic and regional dimensions. To remove a party in power, opposition can just wait for natural failure of the incumbent government. It may be caused by domestic or foreign policy (Schofield et al, 2003). This is an unstable risk because incumbent party can regain power after the electorates weigh their preferences. The opposition can also identify an underlying issue and campaign for or against it. This is likely to polarize electorate into two opposing groups (Schofield et al, 2003). If the polarization is high the ruling party can be easily broken or weakened. The western alienation and French-English relations has been such a factor in Canada. Success in uniting such groups could lead in more problems. However, if it succeeds, the party can become new natural governing party. In the 2000 elections, Canadian Alliance Party and Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois pro/anti-Frenc h issues were vital. However, the Reform/alliance supporters had moved to economic issues. At that same time, Progressive Conservatives had adopted an almost center policy. PC did not make recognizable gain in the elections because of its dept, leadership controversies, poor organization and troubled fundraising (Woolstencroft, 2001). However, it captured 12% of the federal vote. Most voters in Canada are situated around the centre of economic and constitutional issues. This allowed the liberals to capture victory in the 2000 and majority of other federal elections. Anti-French driven sentiments mainly influenced the Reform/Alliance vote. Pro-French sentiments contributed to Quebec federal vote. The results show that Reform/Alliance Party was not able to replace or absorb Progressive Conservative Party in 1990s. This is reflected in the average 12-20% share of PC every election year which was not enough to propel it to power. This particular percentage vote is what Reform/alliance p arty required to defeat Liberals in the elections. Quebec guaranteed PC its votes because it could not accommodate the extreme views of the Reform/Alliance Party. Failures in 1997 and 2000 proved to both Progressive Conservative and Reform/Alliance parties that it would be practically impossible to beat Liberals without unity. The electoral goal played a significant factor in the ultimate merge of the two parties over their ideologies and policies. Short term factors Leadership change in both parties before the merger contributed to the success of reunion. There is a significant impact of change of leadership, dominant party faction and external benefits to the decision to merge parties (Harmel Janda, 1994). During the period between 1990 and 2000, both parties pursued vote-seeking and policy-seeking goals. Before 1993, Progressive Conservative was considered one of the two major federal parties in Canada. However, it had not been characterized by strong ideological values (Bernard 1996). It’s primarily goal was vote-maximizing. In the 1990s the party changed its goal to policy advocacy. On the other hand, Reform/Alliance started with policy-seeking goal and later shifted to vote-seeking before the 2000 elections. After its formation, the party did well in representing its main policies. It could not achieve its policy-seeking since it never gained the significant votes to ascend to power. Subsequently, the right-wing policy was not carried out. After the 1997 elections, the party launched the United Alternative campaign strategy. This showed a shift in party’s ultimate goal towards vote-seeking. This was followed by change of Party name to Canadian Alliance, election of a new leader and adoption of moderate policies in preparation for the 2000 federal elections. This did not put off the Progressive Conservatives. The party’s success was insignificant. The Alliance Party and its new leader Stephen Harper remained with one option; to form a merger with the Progressive conservative Party. The Reform/Alliance had to sacrifice its ideological goal to succeed electorally. On the other hand, Progressive Conservatives were not interested in the merger. According to Harme and Janda (1994), external shock to a party is usually the main trigger for party change. The 1993 election defeat acted as the necessary external shock. Its seats reduced from majority to only two in the House of Commons while the national share dropped from 43% to 16. The party ran out of options because of the Liberals on the other side and Quebec’s deal on the other side. They could not play regional alienation because it had lost its credibility on the Meech Lake and subsequent constitutional accords. The Progressive Conservative faced a dead end because liberals occupied the traditional governing while Reform/Alliance and Bloc had the regional support. It had the only option of forming an alliance with the Reform/alliance party or face extinct ion. PC leader Joe Clark opted for none of the options. He opposed to the merger because he wanted to deny his competitors opportunities in its stronghold. He wanted to preserve identity of the Party and defend his pride as a leader. After a lot of in-party fighting, Orchard a close ally of PC leader Joe Clark retired to give room for MacKay’s leadership. He agreed to retire after MacKay pledged not to merge with Reform/Alliance. The party leaders who included five provincial Premiers, a former Ontario Premier and Brian Mulroney applied a lot of pressure on the new leader to form alliance. The leader finally broke his promise and formed the alliance in 2003. Organizational and leadership change played a key role in the merger (Harmel Janda, 1994). Works Cited Bernard, Andrà ©. â€Å"Liberals and Conservatives in the 1990s.† Canadian Parties in Transition. Ed. Brian Tanguay and Alain-G. Gagnon. Scarborough: Nelson Canada, 1996. 73-88. Print. Blais, Andrà ©, Elisabeth Gidengil, Richard Nadeau, and Neil Nevitte. Anatomy of a Liberal Victory: Making Sense of the Vote in the 2000 Canadian Election. Peterborough: Broadview Press. 2002. Print. Brimelow, Peter. The Patriot Game. Toronto: Porter Books, 1986.Print. Harmel, Robert, and Janda, Kenneth. â€Å"An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change.† Journal of Theoretical Politics 6 (1994): 259-287. Print. Johnston, Richard, Andrà © Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Neil Nevitte. The challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996. Print. Jenson, Jane and Susan Phillips. â€Å"Regime Shift: New Citizenship Practices in Canada.† International Journal of Canadian Studies 14 (1996):111–35. Print. Manning, Preston. The New Canada. Canada: Macmillan, 1992. P167. Print. Schofield, Norman, Gary Miller, and Andrew Martin. â€Å"Critical Elections and Political Realignment in America: 1860-2000.† Political St udies 51 (2003): 217-240. Print. Woolstencroft, Peter. â€Å"Some Battles Won, War Lost: The Campaign of the Progressive Conservative Party.† In Jon H. Pammett and Christopher Dornan. 2001. 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